The equivalent researchers found that payday use had no positive or negative effect on household welfare as estimated by credit score changes over time. The report was reinforced by a Federal Reserve 2014 investigation which found that while liquidations did twofold among users of payday loans, the expansion was too little to ever be considered significant. A researcher from Charles River Associates, a financial aspects professor from Clemson University, found "no observational proof that payday lending prompts more chapter 11 filings, which provides reason to feel ambiguous about the obligation trap contention against payday lending."